Which of the following is a protective factor schools can promote to reduce TDV risk?

• A. Prior violence exposure
• B. Substance use
• C. Unstable housing
• D. Safe school climate

Answer: (D)

Promoting a safe school climate serves as a protective factor because it creates an environment where students feel secure, respected, and supported. When staff set and enforce clear rules against harassment and violence, provide predictable responses to problems, and foster trusting relationships, students are more likely to speak up about concerns and seek help early. This climate also encourages bystander intervention and healthy relationship norms, which reduce opportunities for dating violence and reinforce nonviolent, respectful dating behaviors. By providing consistent support, accessibility to resources, and restorative approaches when issues arise, a safe school climate strengthens resilience and lowers TDV risk.

In contrast, prior violence exposure, substance use, and unstable housing increase TDV risk. These factors are associated with greater stress, adverse coping strategies, and fewer stable supports, which can make teens more vulnerable to abusive dynamics and less likely to seek or receive help.